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ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history:

Received XX Month 2024

Revised XX Month 2024

Accepted XX Month 2024

Online first

Published 1 September 2024

 This study explores into the intricate domain of contemporary smartphone design from the perspective of Malaysian teenagers, seeking to unearth valuable insights into their preferences and perspectives. Despite the ubiquitous presence of smartphones in today's digital era, grasping how adolescents perceive and engage with these devices remains crucial. By focusing on Asian viewpoints, particularly those of Malaysian youth, this research addresses a significant gap in the literature, shedding light on their unique cultural backgrounds and technological preferences. Through a carefully structured workshop, ten teenagers from Perak state, Malaysia, participated in discussions and design activities, exploring various facets of smartphone design elements and applications. The findings highlight the importance of cultural awareness in crafting smartphones for diverse markets, advocating for inclusive and user-centric approaches. Furthermore, the study reveals distinct patterns in teenagers' preferences, encompassing considerations such as form factor, materials, and cutting-edge features. By bridging the divide between global technological discourse and local consumer behaviours, this research contributes to the development of culturally attuned and accessible smartphone designs, fostering more enriching user experiences.

Keywords:

Smartphone design

Design Elements

Teenager’s perspective

User-centric approach

User Experience

DOI:

10.24191/jcrinn.v9i2
# Introduction In today's digitally driven society, smartphones have become permeating tools that shape various facets of daily life, from communication and entertainment to education and productivity. With their multifaceted functionality and ever-evolving design, smartphones wield a profound influence on individuals of all ages (Busch & McCarthy, 2021). However, teenagers are particularly influential in adopting and influencing technological trends, making their impact especially significant. Gaining insights into smartphone design trends from the viewpoint of teenagers is highly significant in the current consumer electronics industry. Adolescence is a crucial period of development where individuals become more sensitive to the influence of their peers, express themselves more, and build their own identities. Therefore, the tastes and views of teenagers about smartphone design are important indications of both current commercial trends and larger societal changes and cultural values. The prevalence of cell phones in everyday life highlights the imperative to investigate their design patterns. Design significantly influences an individual's purchasing decision. (Hazwan et al., 2024). In recent years, smartphones have transcended their initial role as mere communication devices to become indispensable tools for accessing information, entertainment, and social interaction (Nuhel, 2021). Their seamless integration into various aspects of daily routines has transformed how individuals navigate the world, manage relationships, and engage with content (Jumaan et al., 2020; Mohamad Zamani et al., 2022; Zulkifli, 2021). A significant gap in the literature exists with respect to Asian perspectives, particularly those of Malaysian adolescents, despite the widespread influence of smartphones. While numerous studies have explored smartphone design preferences among Western adolescents (Abeele et al., 2017; Blair et al., 2015), fewer have focused specifically on Asian markets (Yoon & Yun, 2023), where cultural nuances and technological adoption patterns often diverge. The disparity is especially noticeable in Malaysia, a fast-advancing Southeast Asian country with a varied cultural terrain and a growing young population. This research intends to fill a vacuum in knowledge by analysing smartphone design trends among Malaysian teenagers. By doing so, it seeks to provide significant insights to the domains of consumer psychology, marketing, and design. By doing this, it aims to close the gap between worldwide technological discussions and specific consumer behaviours, eventually affecting the creation of smartphone designs that are more culturally sensitive and user-centric smartphone designs. # related works # Smartphone Design Trends: A Global Overview The landscape of smartphone design is continually evolving, shaped by technological advancements, consumer preferences, and cultural influences (Andreallo, 2019; Dirin et al., 2023; Hazwan et al., 2024). A comprehensive understanding of current smartphone design trends provides valuable insights into the trajectory of the consumer electronics industry and informs strategic decisions by manufacturers. Recent studies have identified several notable trends in smartphone design on a global scale. The evolution of smartphone design has been characterized by a shift towards sleeker, more minimalist aesthetics, driven by advancements in materials and manufacturing techniques (Farajzadeh et al., 2019). Manufacturers increasingly prioritize seamless integration of hardware and software, resulting in devices that offer a more intuitive and immersive user experience. Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on sustainability and eco-friendliness, with many companies incorporating recyclable materials and energy-efficient components into their designs (Hirose & Mishima, 2019; Poppe et al., 2020). Across different regions, certain design elements have emerged as universally appealing. For example, large, edge-to-edge displays have become a standard feature, providing users with immersive viewing experiences for multimedia content and gaming. Moreover, the adoption of biometric and touch screen authentication methods, such as facial recognition and fingerprint scanners, underscores the importance of security and convenience in smartphone design (Ibrahim et al., 2019; Syalevi et al., 2024). Related works aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current trends in smartphone design globally, examining historical developments, contemporary design practices, technological innovations, ergonomic considerations, and regional preferences. By analysing these aspects, we aim to highlight the key factors shaping smartphone design today and predict future trends in this dynamic field**.** ### 2.2.1. Historical Context The evolution of smartphone design has been marked by notable milestones that have fundamentally transformed user experiences. The initial generation of smartphones, exemplified as the IBM Simon Personal Communicator released in 1994, were characterised by their large size and restricted range of capabilities (Schneiderman, 2011). The release of the Apple iPhone in 2007 represented a groundbreaking transition towards touch-based interfaces and simplistic design. The adoption of capacitive touchscreens and the progressive disappearance of physical keyboards became common among other manufacturers as a result of this significant change in thinking. ### 2.2.2. Current Design Trends Recently, there has been a trend in smartphone design towards simplicity and elegance. Notable trends in the industry involve the implementation of foldable and flexible screens, the utilisation of high-quality materials like ceramics and metals, and the focus on achieving greater screen-to-body ratios. Smartphone makers have expanded the range of colour options available for their handsets, including glossy and matte finishes, as well as experimenting with gradient colour schemes. This section will explore these themes, including illustrations of how prominent businesses are incorporating them into their most recent models. Smartphone design continues to be predominantly influenced by minimalism. Companies such as Apple and Google place a high importance on minimalist and organised designs, with a strong emphasis on the smooth integration of their hardware and software (Pangarkar et al., 2021). This trend emphasizes smooth edges, reduced bezels, and a focus on user-friendly interfaces. ### 2.2.3. Ergonomics and User Experience The use of ergonomic design is essential to ensure that smartphones provide a comfortable user experience and cater to the varied requirements of users (Le Guillou et al., 2023). This entails factors like as the dimensions and configuration of the device, the positioning of buttons and ports, and the comprehensive design of the user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) (Li & Luximon, 2023). Consumers are increasingly valuing customisation and personalisation choices to find products that align with their individual style and tastes. This section will examine the most recent developments in ergonomic design and user experience, emphasising the interaction between hardware and software design components. # Cultural Influence on Smartphone Design Preferences Cultural factor exert a substantial influence on the preferences for smartphone design, impacting several aspects such as physical structure, colour palettes, and user interface design (Farajzadeh et al., 2019). The significance of cultural sensitivity in designing smartphones for diverse markets cannot be overstated. Manufacturers must meticulously evaluate consumer preferences and cultural subtleties in order to guarantee the success of their products in a world that is becoming more globalised. Neglecting to do so may result in a misalignment with local preferences and values, which can lead to a decrease in market share and adoption rates. # Teen Perspectives on Smartphone Design Valueable insights into adolescents' preferences and behaviours have been found in previous studies that concentrate on their perceptions of smartphone design. The preference for intuitive user interfaces, customisable features, and sleek, stylish designs is a common theme that is present in various cultural contexts (Cesário & Nisi, 2022). Smartphones have a significant impact on the daily lives, social interactions, and educational experiences of adolescents (Jee et al., 2021). It is imperative for manufacturers to comprehend the viewpoints of adolescents regarding smartphone design in order to attract this demographic. Aesthetic appeal, technological features, usability, and practical considerations are all factors that influence the perspectives of teenagers on smartphone design. In order to effectively satisfy the requirements and expectations of teenage consumers, manufacturers must address these preferences in order to capture this market segment. # methodology # Participants Demographic For this study, a total of 10 teenagers, ranging in age from 18 to 23, were recruited from Perak state, Malaysia. These participants were enrolled in various educational programs, including pre-foundation, diploma, and degree courses, spanning multiple disciplines such as computer science and actuarial sciences. The researchers used purposive sampling to guarantee a varied representation of viewpoints and experiences regarding smartphone usage and design preferences among Malaysian youth. The recruitment strategy focused on educational institutions in Perak state, utilising established networks and relationships within the academic community to discover possible participants. Individuals who met the necessary age range and lived in Perak state were contacted either in person or through internet communication channels, assuming they met the inclusion criteria. Before participating in the study, participants were given detailed information regarding the research goals, procedures, and their rights as participants. Prior to initiating any data collection activity, all participants were given informed consent. In order to protect confidentiality and privacy, participants were allocated pseudonyms or identity codes during the process of analysing and reporting the data. All personal information gathered throughout the study, including demographic information and individual replies, was handled with utmost confidentially and stored securely in accordance with ethical guidelines and data protection rules. # Workshop Procedures A workshop technique was utilised to investigate the viewpoints of teens regarding contemporary smartphone design trends. This format allowed participants to actively engage and exchange their perspectives and preferences. The workshop was arranged with the following organised activities: i. Group Formation: The first step entailed divide of participants into small focus groups, with each group consisting of 3 to 4 students. The purpose of this grouping method was to establish a setting that promotes intimate conversations and a wide range of viewpoints, while also guaranteeing equal participation from both male and female attendees in each group. The workshop aimed to foster inclusivity and encourage a diverse range of perspectives and experiences about smartphone design trends by incorporating individuals of various genders. This strategy also sought to reduce the possible impact of gender bias on conversations and promote cooperative exchanges among participants from diverse backgrounds. ii. Explanation of the Task: The facilitator carefully and precisely explained the goals and activities of the workshop to each group, giving specific instructions and defining the extent of the conversation. The facilitator has titled it 'Characteristics of an Ideal Cell Phone'. Participants received clear descriptions about the main topics that would be examined, including aesthetic preferences, functional requirements, usability considerations, and cultural impacts on smartphone design. iii. Group Discussion: Each group was assigned a specific time slot of 30 minutes to participate in an intensive and directed conversation on smartphone design. Strategically incorporated guiding questions and prompts were used to generate conversation, foster critical thinking, and motivate participants to thoroughly explore their preferences, experiences, and views regarding smartphone design. iv. Design and Specification Drawing: After the discussion session, participants were provided with paper and sketching equipment to transform their conceptual ideas and preferences into concrete visual representations. This interactive game allowed participants to express their creativity, investigate cutting-edge design ideas, and clearly communicate their desired smartphone designs together with the corresponding specs. v. Presentation of Designs: Each group was given an opportunity to display and promote their created smartphone designs to the larger audience attending the session. During the given 10-minute time period, groups explained the reasoning behind their design decisions, highlighted distinctive aspects, and explored the practical consequences of their designs. This segment promoted collaborative learning among peers, increased the interchange of ideas across different groups, and enhanced the overall understanding of preferences in smartphone design. vi. Facilitator Wrap-Up: The workshop closed with a comprehensive wrap-up conducted by the facilitator. The purpose of this session was to provide a concise overview of the key points, observations, and insights gained from the workshop activities. Participants were instructed to reflect on their individual and collective experiences, provide comments on the workshop's effectiveness, and share any further thoughts or ideas that arose during the workshop. The workshop concluded with this final segment, which prepared for the future analysis and interpretation of the collected data. Through the implementation of a structured workshop framework, participants were able to actively participate in conversations, express their creativity through the generation of design ideas, and collectively investigate the different elements of smartphone design. The workshop served as an interactive environment for gathering valuable perspectives from teenagers on current smartphone design trends, which furthered the overall research goals of the study. # result and discussion A focus group session was conducted during the workshop, as depicted in Figure 1. Three adolescents were involved in brainstorming discussions regarding the design elements and applications of smartphones. The participant presents the ideas, which are then analyzed by academics based on two key themes: design elements and mobile applications. The subsequent subsection will discuss the discoveries that correspond with the theme. ![A group of people sitting at a table Description automatically generated](667fdede556db_media/media/image1.jpeg) Fig. 1. Focus Group Session # Design Elements of Smartphone Within the context of this study, the term "design elements" in smartphones refers to the visual and functional characteristics of the device that contribute to the overall appearance, feel, and usability of the device. Within half an hour, the participants came up with ideas and sketched their thoughts onto a piece of paper that was provided by the researchers. Figure 2 illustrates some examples of design elements that were suggested by the participants in the study. ![](667fdede556db_media/media/image2.png) ![A drawing of a glove Description automatically generated](667fdede556db_media/media/image3.png) Fig. 2. Design Elements Drawing Proposed by Teens. For design element’s theme, found that five (5) subcategories been identified as presented in Table 1. Table 1. Smartphone Design Element’s Themes
Theme Design Element
Form Factor and Material

Thin size

Rollable phone

Titanium body shield

Split cell 6000mAh battery

Wrist smartphone design
Display Technology

Transparent changing colors

AMOLED support 5K

New gen in-display camera

Second display at backside
Security and User Authentication

Sensor on/off using fingerprint

In-display new gen ultrasonic scanner
Audio and Multimedia

Quad speaker

Main camera 200MP

Ultra-wide camera

Built-in S-pen
Connectivity and Charging

MagSafe Qi-wireless (50W)

External fan
Source: Authors The above Table 1 highlights the specific features or attributes of the smartphone design that fall under each design element’s categories. i. Form Factor and Material: This theme comprises elements pertaining to the tangible architecture and makeup of the smartphone. The device contains characteristics such as a smartphone design worn on the wrist, a slim form factor, a phone that can be rolled up, a protective body shield made of titanium, and a battery with a capacity of 6000mAh that is divided into two cells. These features prioritise the device's physical design, robustness, and ease of transportation. ii. Display Technology: This theme covers on aspects pertaining to the technological aspects of the smartphone's screen. The device features dynamic color-changing capabilities, AMOLED support for high-resolution displays up to 5K, cutting-edge in-display camera technology, and an additional display on the rear for improved functionality and notifications. iii. Security and User Authentication: This theme focuses on elements designed to improve security and user authentication. The device features a fingerprint sensor that can be turned on or off utilising advanced fingerprint technology. Additionally, it has an in-display ultrasonic scanner of the latest generation, offering enhanced biometric security choices.. iv. Audio and Multimedia: This theme includes attributes pertaining to audio capabilities and multimedia functions. The device features quad speakers to provide an immersive audio experience, a primary camera with an impressive resolution of 200MP, an ultra-wide camera for capturing larger views, and an integrated S-pen for stylus input and creative work.. v. Connectivity and Charging: This theme points out characteristics pertaining to networking possibilities and charging capabilities. The device incorporates MagSafe Qi-wireless charging technology, which provides a power output of 50W for rapid and simple charging. Additionally, it is equipped with an external fan, most likely intended for cooling purposes during demanding activities like gaming or video streaming. The table categorises the design elements into specific themes, which effectively emphasises different aspects of current smartphone design trends as perceived by teenagers. This facilitates the analysis and comprehension of the characteristics and their consequences. # Proposed Smartphone Applications The rapid growth of smartphones and ongoing technological progress has fostered an optimal setting for the development of novel and impactful mobile applications tailored to address the distinct requirements, preferences, and obstacles faced by teenagers. Hence, it is crucial for this study to include smartphone applications as a focal point in participant discussions and suggestions. The results of the brainstorming session are documented on paper and delivered to the researcher. The participants' ideas for smartphone apps that they believe are necessary for cellphones are depicted in Fig. 3. Whereas Table 2 illustrates the themes' categories. ![A paper with drawings and text Description automatically generated](667fdede556db_media/media/image4.png) Fig. 3. Smartphone Applications Proposed by Teens Table 2. Smartphone Application Themes
Theme Proposed Smartphone Applications
Security and Authentication

Auto lock (FaceID)

Dex (Samsung)

Productivity and Creativity

Tools

Photoshop (Pad)

Al integrated (Board/ChatGPT)

Auto charge apps

Auto translate program

Advanced Features and

Technologies

Satellite SOS (Apple)

LIDAR 3D Scanner (Scanner 3D. Camera Portrait)

VR Camera

Changing casing colour

Al fusion style
Source: Authors The above Table 2 highlights the specific applications that fall under each application categories. i. Security and Authentication: This theme encompasses applications that prioritise the protection of the smartphone and the verification of user identity. It incorporates Auto lock (FaceID) and Dex (Samsung), which provide sophisticated security functionalities including facial recognition.. ii. Productivity and Creativity Tools: This theme encompasses applications specifically developed to optimise efficiency and foster innovation on cellphones. The package consists of Photoshop (iPad) for editing photos, AI integrated (Board/ChatGPT) for providing AI-powered assistance, auto charge apps for controlling battery charging, and an auto translate programme for language translation. These tools are designed to enhance productivity and creativity.. iii. It focuses on applications that utilise sophisticated features and technology to improve the overall smartphone user experience. The smartphone offers a range of advanced features, such as the Satellite SOS (Apple) for emergency communication, the LiDAR 3D Scanner (Scanner 3D, Camera Portrait) for 3D scanning capabilities, the VR Camera for virtual reality content creation, the ability to change casing colour for customisable appearance options, and the AI fusion style for innovative stylistic effects. These features collectively contribute to the smartphone's cutting-edge functionalities. The table classifies the suggested smartphone applications into specific categories, which helps to enhance understanding of their contribution to current trends in smartphone applications, particularly from the viewpoint of teenage users. It showcases the wide variety of features, requirements, and technologies that are influencing the smartphone industry and driving innovation. # Conclusion This study provides insight into the complex connection between contemporary smartphone design and usage among Malaysian teenagers. By conducting structured sessions, we have obtained valuable insights that question conventional notions of smartphone design and usage through an examination of individuals' preferences and views. Our research emphasises the need for smartphone manufacturers to go beyond generic, one-size-fits-all methods and instead embrace inclusive and user-centric design strategies. Furthermore, our research uncovers a sophisticated comprehension of teenagers' inclinations, encompassing both aesthetic factors and practical attributes. This signifies a departure from the conventional models of smartphone design, where the emphasis on technological specifications sometimes overshadows the importance of user experience. Although our research offers essential insights, it also presents significant questions and challenges which need to be addressed in future investigations. For instant, How can smartphone designers successfully handle the intricacies of cultural variation while ensuring a consistent and attractive product? How do socioeconomic circumstances and cultural preferences combine to influence the way people use smartphones? To answer these concerns, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary, which combines knowledge from psychology, sociology, design theory, and consumer behaviour studies. Moreover, our study emphasises the importance of continuous communication and cooperation among academics, designers, policymakers, and end-users to guarantee that smartphone design accurately represents the varied requirements and ambitions of society. The future success of smartphone designs relies on our capacity to embrace diversity, promote inclusivity, and prioritise user well-being over profit-oriented reasons. As we navigate the constantly changing world of technology and society, let us be alert in promoting design methods that give power and improve the lives of all users, regardless of their cultural background or socioeconomic class. # Acknowledgements/Funding (DOUBLE-BLIND reviewing. Leave the section as is. Only include Acknowledgements text in the final submission paper) # Conflict of interest statement (DOUBLE-BLIND reviewing. Leave the section as is. Only include CONFLICT OF INTERESTS text in the final submission paper) # Authors’ contributions ***(Double Blind Review: Leave this section blank until final camera-ready submission)*:** # References Abeele, M. Vanden, Schouten, A. P., & Antheunis, M. L. (2017). Personal, editable, and always accessible: An affordance approach to the relationship between adolescents’ mobile messaging behavior and their friendship quality. *Journal of Social and Personal Relationships*, *34*(6), 875–893. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407516660636Andreallo, F. (2019). The selfie generation: a transformation of visual social relationships. *Vista*, *4*, 153–171. https://doi.org/10.21814/vista.3019Blair, S. L., Claster, P. N., & Claster, S. M. (Eds.). (2015). Technology and Youth: Growing Up in a Digital World. In *Technology and Youth: Growing Up in a Digital World* (Vol. 19, p. iii). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1537-466120150000019024Busch, P. A., & McCarthy, S. (2021). 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