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ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history:

Received XX Month 2024

Revised XX Month 2024

Accepted XX Month 2024

Online first

Published 1 September 2024

 Rapid floods usually occurs, especially in recreational areas and it will cause major disaster to environment and humanity. An IoT early warning system using Arduino technology is proposed to address this problem. The system includes sensors for temperature, humidity, water flow, and ultrasonic measurements used for futher analysis. This research aims to develop a system to monitor and detect water flow activity, such as water level and velocity, and notify of potential rapid floods earlier than estimated occurring time. The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) methodology was adapted for implementation of the project. Field testing at Puncak Janing Waterfall was chosen as test site for sensor functionality evaluation. Data is stored in a Firebase database, with an ESP32 used for connectivity and coding was done in Arduino IDE tool. The project successfully monitors and stores water level and velocity data and the data can be use as benchmarking the time rapid flood will occur.

Keywords:

Internet of Things (IoT)

Rapid flood

LoRa

water velocity

water level

DOI:

10.24191/jcrinn.v9i2
# INTRODUCTION Natural disasters occur everywhere in the world, and they have an impact on the nation's economy and quality of life for its citizens (M & Hameed, 2020). Flood is one of the major disasters that affects many people each year in numerous places throughout the world. It endangers people, natural resources, and the environment, as well as creating economic losses. This flood disaster can occur anywhere, but the recreation area is the most dangerous. This is due to the possibility of a water velocity that appears unexpectedly and can cause rapid flood. Therefore, technology plays a critical role in detecting and avoiding floods in a timely way. We can detect and prepare for an impending crisis with the assistance of present technological capabilities (Roy et al., 2020). One of the technologies that may be employed to reduce flood-related fatalities is the flood monitoring system, particularly in places along the rural areas and near the waterfalls. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the usefulness of Internet of Things technology in the context of smart cities, with the end goal of enhancing disaster response and early warning systems. This article addresses the design, implementation, and test outcomes of a LoRa-based early flood related parameter monitoring and detection system and its avoidance utilizing the Arduino project are presented as solutions to the described problem. The proposed system will offer a straightforward monitoring interface, enough flood data, and short-term water level and water velocity forecasting in the future. The system's functionality and network performance utilizing an ultrasonic sensor, LoRa technology, and Arduino board are tested in a real-world setting. The positive results obtained from the on-site testing validate the effectiveness of the proposed sensor and network system. It indicates that the system is capable of accurately detecting and monitoring flood conditions, providing timely and reliable data or early warning purposes. # LITERATURE REVIEW The literature review for the study mentioned above on flood detecting devices is provided below. Many studies have been conducted to monitor floods using different methods. ## Development of Advanced Flood Detection System with IoT Advanced flood detection system with IoT offers communities near bodies of water, mainly waterfalls, early warning when dams release their water. This system consists of a sensor module, microprocessor, and output module. The output module is installed in the homes of the residents. It has an ultrasonic sensor to measure water level and IoT, and the data is transmitted to the microprocessor. The microprocessor will take the data, process it, and send the desired output to the output module. The implementation of IoT technology distinguishes this flood detector from others. The alerts component of the output module consists of an app alert from the IoT feature. In the event of a water level rise or a warning from a nearby dam through IoT, users will first receive an alert or notification from the app. The siren will sound, and the user will receive an app warning if the dam opens the water gates. The hardware required in this project are Arduino Uno, Ultrasonic Sensor, Voltage Sensor, and Wi-Fi Serial Transceiver Module (ESP8266). The software that is being used for this project is Proteus ISIS 7 and the Blynk Application. As a data owner, teachers have an obligation to protect the privacy of their students and their own personal information. This includes ensuring that unauthorised parties cannot view, utilise, or spread the information in any way. It is also necessary to understand local laws and regulations pertaining to the gathering, archiving, and distribution of student records. ## Flood Early Warning System by Twitter using LoRa  The architecture of a sensor network is presented in this study. An early warning system for waterfall overflows is proposed as part of this body of study. A waterfall level sensor node is included in the sensor network. This node is equipped with a precision ultrasonic sensor, which measures the distance that exists between the sensor and the volume of water. The data that was recorded is then modulated with LoRa and sent across a radio frequency of 915 MHz to a node that is set up to receive it. The information is processed in real time by the receiving node, which is built as a Raspberry Pi; it posts the alarm by using a social network (Twitter). The final step involved testing a prototype of the waterfall level node, which yielded a measuring range of 20 centimetres to 2 metres. The receiving node was situated 500 metres away from the sensor node, and it was able to retrieve all the data packets that were transmitted without any data being lost. ## An IoT Based Flood Monitoring System and Response Time The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the usefulness of Internet of Things technology in the context of smart cities, with the end goal of enhancing disaster response and early warning systems. It is possible for the authorities to increase their response time and the efficiency of their operation during natural disasters by using pervasive computing, which includes sensor networks and the internet of things. An integrated flood detection system that makes use of a raindrop sensor and an ultrasonic sensor is a concept that has been developed for the smart disaster detection and response system. This system is intended to be more disaster resistant. The information gathered by the system through its environment sensing was utilised to initiate a response that would notify users of the situation. Users were able to get notifications from the system by buzzer (for onsite notification) and a web-based application (for remotely monitoring) for continuous observation if a condition had been determined to be dangerous or if there was an indication of flood. The system is meant to provide readings such as monitoring the status of the water level impacted by the volume of rainfall based on a defined time interval of 30 minutes. Other examples of monitoring the status of the water level include: The prototype has been validated through the execution of the experiment within the constrained parameters of the controlled environment. ## An Autonomous Low Power LoRa Based Flood Monitoring System In this study, the design, implementation, and test outcomes of a LoRa-based flood monitoring system that was put to the test in a real-world setting are presented. To provide the possibility to link various types of sensors without significantly altering the proposed node architecture's hardware, the entire system is created from a modular perspective. The data is sent and processed through a web framework, where the alert function is performed in case of floods, and then saved through a device with sensors and a microcontroller that is coupled to a LoRa wireless module for data transmission. The stability of the device, for which a special electronic board has been made, is one of the paper's key goals. It has data gathering and transmission capabilities and is supplied by a battery that is supported by a solar energy collection system. The modularity of the configuration is another crucial criteria. The low power consumption of the sensor node is the most significant of numerous fundamental properties of the proposed system architecture. The latter is supported by a sustainable energy source, such as solar energy harvesting, and is not powered by the power network. Additionally, a multisource harvesting approach may be used to power it. A specific operating algorithm that employs a deep sleep operation has also contributed to the low power consumption. ## Flood Warning and Monitoring System (FWMS) using GSM Technology Flood Warning and Monitoring System (FWMS) is a mobile flood monitoring system that may call users and provide SMS alerts. As floodwaters rose quickly to dangerous levels, the alert was delivered not just to system users but also directly to the Fire and Rescue Station. The Arduino Uno microcontroller, the HC- SR04 ultrasonic sensor, and the GSM SIM900A module are used to build the FWMS. Users of FWMS can send SMS requests for real-time flood status in their location. The user can monitor the flood water level for monitoring purposes using the system, which measures the real-time flood water level at the floodplain zones. Additionally, when the floodwater is rising quickly, the user will receive a real-time warning message. Besides that, this article addresses the creation of a personal flood monitoring system that may alert the user through alarm call and message, as well as the testing of the system's functionality and network performance utilising an ultrasonic sensor, GSM technology, and an Arduino board. The hardware components utilised in this project are Arduino Uno, GSM SIM900A Module, Ultrasonic Sensor, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), and Piezo buzzer alarm. # METHODOLOGY  The methodology may be characterised as a set of phases that were utilised to explain and discuss the project development process. More detail was included in the methodology section on the actions taken to carry out the project's objectives. Multiple phases of the project, including information collecting, project analysis requirements, project planning, system development, and project documentation, were employed as a System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). 1. 2. FIGURE 1: SDLC MODEL (YADAV, 2021) ## HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS ## **Table 1**: Hardware Requirements   | NO. | ITEM | QUANTITY | | --- | --------------------- | -------- | | 1 | LoRa E32 | 2 | | 2 | ESP32 | 2 | | 3 | Waterproof Ultrasonic | 1 | | 4 | LCD12C | 1 | | 5 | Jumper Set | 8 | | 6 | RP SMA Antenna | 2 | | 7 | DHT22 | 1 | | 8 | ESP32 Expansion Board | 2 | | 11 | Water Flow Sensor | 1 | ## ## SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS **Table 2:** Software Requirements  
ITEM  DESCRIPTION 

Microsoft Office Word 

It was used to write the document of the project. 
Diagram.net 

It was used for drawing diagrams such as flowchart and SDLC model. 
Arduino IDE 

It was used to write a code and to connect the Arduino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them / Microcontroller board 

programmer. 
Proteus 8 

It was used to draw schematic design. 
Power Point  It was used to create proposal slide. 
## ## FLOWCHART This system consists of two flowchart which are flowchart for transmitter and flowchart for receiver.  ![A diagram of a system Description automatically generated](668b8b456a83d_media/media/image1.jpeg) **Figure 2:** Flowchart Transmitter Based on flowchart transmitter, the program for the early warning system using LoRa technology starts with the initialization of the LoRa module. This involves configuring various parameters such as baud rate, frequency, power settings, and LoRa-specific settings like spreading factor and coding rate. By setting up these parameters, the LoRa module is prepared for effective data transmission and reception.  ![A diagram of a flowchart](668b8b456a83d_media/media/image2.jpeg) **Figure 3:** Flowchart Receiver  Overall, the flowchart outlines the sequence of steps involved in the development of an early warning system using LoRa technology. It starts with the initialization of the Lora module, checks the connection, receives sensor data, and finally displays the data on an LCD display. This flowchart provides a visual representation of the logical flow of operations, ensuring the smooth functioning of the early warning system for flood monitoring and prediction.  The flowchart provides a visual representation of the sequence of operations in the Lora E32 early warning system receiver circuit. It begins with the initialization of the Lora module, checks the connection, waits for the sensor data, displays the data on an LCD, and finally concludes the operation. This flowchart can serve as a guide for developing the necessary code and circuit connections to implement the early warning system.  #  DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT  This section will clarify how the system could operate regarding this system's design process and database. In making the system, all components must link to each other. The design includes system architecture to show the details about this project. ## PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT The architecture of the system includes three different layers: the physical layer, the network layer, and the application layer. In the physical layer, some sensors are connected to the network layer that has LoRa and Wi-Fi which is from ESP32. All sensor readings from each post are displayed on the App, and an alert will be sent via Web and App from Firebase. ![A diagram of a fire base](668b8b456a83d_media/media/image3.jpeg) Figure 6: System Architecture # RESULT AND ANALYSIS The researcher has conducted a field-testing techniques. The goal of the experiments is to assess efficacy of the system and to research the user engagement and device reactions. The testing process was conducted at Puncak Janing Waterfall.  > **Table 2:** Indicator for water level   

WATER LEVEL 

RANGE 

INDICATOR 

WATER LEVEL CONDITION 

EXPLANATION 

400 cm and above 

Warning Level 3 

High Water Level 

This implies a critical situation where the water level is significantly above the normal range, signifying a potential flood risk. Immediate action and evacuation may be necessary to 

ensure safety. 

300 cm – 390 

cm 

Warning Level 2 

Medium Water Level 

This range serves as a warning 

level 2, indicating that the water level is moderately high. 

200 cm – 290 

cm 

Warning Level 1 

Medium Water Level 

This range serves as a warning level 1, suggesting that the water 

level is moderately elevated. 

Below 200 cm 

Normal 

Normal Water Level 

This range is considered normal 

and does not trigger any warning levels. 
## FIELD TESTING  > Field testing takes only around two hours at Puncak Janing Waterfall.  # ![](668b8b456a83d_media/media/image4.jpeg) **Figure 9:** Chart result for water level **Table 3:** Benchmark of water level  ![A table with text and numbers](668b8b456a83d_media/media/image5.png) ![A graph of water flow rate](668b8b456a83d_media/media/image6.png) **Figure 10:** Chart of water flow rate  In the Figure 10, the water flow rate is represented by the "Water Flow Rate (m/s)" data. The water velocity is a measure of how fast the water is moving at a specific point in the system. It indicates the speed at which the water is flowing through the waterfall or channel.  As the researcher observe the chart, it can see that the water flow rate increases gradually from 0.5 m/s at 9:00 AM to 1.4 m/s at 11:15 AM. The values show a consistent upward trend, indicating an increasing flow rate over time. The flow rate is directly proportional to the water velocity, meaning that the velocity increases.  # CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS  ## LIMITATIONS  There are several limitations and problems in the system that needs to be improved.    1. LoRa nodes typically operate on battery power, which can pose limitations in terms of battery life and maintenance. Researchers should carefully design power management systems to optimize energy consumption and consider alternative power sources, such as solar energy, to extend the system's operational lifespan.  2. Due to limited funds, researcher currently only able to develop one transmitter for the early warning system, which may have an impact on the accuracy of the data collected. With only one transmitter, the system's coverage area will be limited, and it may not capture a comprehensive picture of the flood conditions across the entire targeted area. This could result in potential blind spots or gaps in the data, hindering the system's ability to provide a complete and accurate early warning.  3. Lack of accurate position data is caused by the sensor's inability to retrieve GPS coordinates. The Global Positioning System (GPS) offers the precise geographic coordinates required to pinpoint the precise location of sensors. In the event of a rapid flood, rescuers cannot determine the exact location without GPS.  1. ## RECOMMENDATIONS  Based on the results of the findings and conclusion gathered, the researchers would like to recommend some recommendations and ideas suggested to improve this project in future work:    1. Consider integrating solar power into the system. By incorporating solar panels and associated components, the system can harness renewable energy from the sun, reducing reliance on traditional power sources and increasing its reliability in remote areas. The solar power integration would ensure continuous operation of the system, even during power outages or in areas with limited access to electricity.  2. In the future, many transmitters to one receiver should be available so that the user may obtain more accurate data if one transmitter failures and the other transmitters serve as a backup. Having multiple transmitters strategically placed throughout the area would allow for a more robust and comprehensive data collection, providing a more accurate representation of the flood conditions in real-time.  1. ## CONCLUSION  The on-site findings played a crucial role in evaluating the performance and effectiveness of the proposed sensor and network system. By conducting tests and observations in the actual deployment environment, researchers were able to assess the system's functionality, reliability, and ability to meet the desired objectives. The positive results obtained from the on-site testing validate the effectiveness of the proposed sensor and network system. It indicates that the system is capable of accurately detecting and monitoring flood conditions, providing timely and reliable data for early warning purposes. The positive outcomes also imply that the system is robust, stable, and capable of withstanding the challenges and environmental factors present in real-world flood scenarios. Hopefully, this project can contribute to the research field by advancing knowledge, fostering collaboration, and inspiring further innovations in flood monitoring systems and public community.    # ACKNOWLEDGMENTS  We sincerely thank each and every person and organisation who helped make the publishing of this study article possible.  # Acknowledgements/Funding (DOUBLE-BLIND reviewing. Leave the section as is. Only include Acknowledgements text in the final submission paper) This section is compulsory. The following is an example of an acknowledgement statement: The authors would like to acknowledge the support of Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah and Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia for providing the facilities and financial support on this research. # Conflict of interest statement (DOUBLE-BLIND reviewing. Leave the section as is. Only include CONFLICT OF INTERESTS text in the final submission paper) # This section is compulsory. The following is an example of a conflict-of-interest statement: The authors agree that this research was conducted in the absence of any self-benefits, commercial or financial conflicts and declare the absence of conflicting interests with the funders. # Authors’ contributions Each author contribution must be stated clearly reflecting each contribution to the body of the work and manuscript. Authors can refer to [CRediT](http://credit.niso.org/) (Contribution Roles Taxonomy) for the detailed information about individual contributions to the work. For example ***(Double Blind Review: Leave this section blank until final camera-ready submission)*:** # References # An Iot Based Flood Monitoring And Response System. (2022). Borneo Journal Of Sciences And Technology. [Https://Doi.Org/10.35370/Bjost.2022.4.2-02](https://doi.org/10.35370/bjost.2022.4.2-02)  # Leon, E., Alberoni, C., Wister, M., & Hernández-Nolasco, J. (2018). Flood Early Warning System By Twitter Using Lora. Ucami 2018, 2, 1213. [Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Proceedings2191213](https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2191213)  # Ragnoli, M., Barile, G., Leoni, A., Ferri, G., & Stornelli, V. (2020). An Autonomous Low-Power Lora- Based Flood-Monitoring System. Journal Of Low Power Electronics And Applications, 10(2), 15. [Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Jlpea10020015](https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea10020015)  # Robynson Anak Dondang, Zuhanis Mansor, & Gandeva Bayu Satrya. (2021). Design And Development Of Flood Monitoring And Early Warning System. Malaysian Journal Of Science And Advanced Technology, 72–76. [Https://Doi.Org/10.56532/Mjsat.V1i3.15](https://doi.org/10.56532/mjsat.v1i3.15)  # Rosmiati, M., Rizal, M., & Permana, I. (2020). Data Communication Using Lora Module For Transmitting [Https://Doi.Org/10.4108/Eai.11-7-2019.2298087](https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.11-7-2019.2298087)  # Roy, M., Pradhan, P., George, J., & Pradhan, N. (2020). Flood Detection And Water Monitoring System Using Iot. International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science, 9(07), 25113–25115. [Https://Doi.Org/10.18535/Ijecs/V9i07.4499](https://doi.org/10.18535/ijecs/v9i07.4499)  # 1. \* Corresponding author. *E-mail address*: (Add the e-mail in the final camera-ready submission)